Objective: to study the clinical and economic efficiency of mass fluorographic examinations of the population for tuberculosis (TB).

Subjects and methods. The study used the data of fluorographic examinations for TB among 2,632,169 people and in its risk groups (n = 44,597) in the Republic of Karelia in 2008–2018.

Results. It was found that the increased efficiency of detection of TB could not reduce its one-year mortality in firstly identified patients. The average cost of detecting one TB case during mass examinations was more than 500,000 rubles for this period.

Conclusion. Mass fluorographic examinations of the population cannot reduce TB mortality rates and are extremely expensive. To lower the mortality rate and to improve the detection of TB, there is a need for screening high-risk groups for this disease at least once every 6 months.

Objective: to reveal technical nuances for obtaining high-quality images using a computed tomography protocol with pneumogastrography and virtual gastroscopy, which contribute to the detection and assessment of the morphological type of gastric cancer and to the determination of its localization and invasion depth.

Material and methods. The investigation enrolled 250 patients with both early (24.8%) and locally advanced (75.2%) gastric cancer treated in Petrov National Medical Research Center for Oncology from 2015 to 2018. Preoperative chemotherapy was performed in 142 (56.8%) patients and was not done in 108 (43.2%). All the patients underwent preoperative computed tomography with pneumogastrography and virtual gastroscopy. All the patients were radically operated on through subtotal or total gastric resection.

Results. Computed tomography with pneumogastrography and virtual gastroscopy was used to detect gastric cancer in 98.4% of patients; the cases with early T1a and T1b invasion depth cancers were 23.2%. The tumor could not be significantly differentiated in 4 (1.6%) patients. This group consisted of: 3 (1.2%) and 1 (0.4%) patients with pT1a and pT1b invasion depth tumors, respectively. All non-visualized tumors had a superficial morphological type of growth (Type 0–II (3 cases with 0–IIa and 1 case with 0–IIb); their sizes were less than 2 cm. Three tumors were localized in the antral portion of the stomach; one was in its cardiac portion.

Conclusion. Computed tomography with pneumogastrography and virtual gastroscopy is an effective technique to detect gastric cancer, including its early types of category T1, which makes it possible to assess its localization, morphological type, and invasion depth.

Abernethy malformation is a congenital disease characterized by complete or partial underdevelopment of the portal vein, leading to the occurrence of congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunts. The anomaly with the absence of the portal vein is detected in 80% of cases in childhood. Patients with this pathology are very frequently examined when detecting space-occupying liver lesions and assuming the presence of a vascular abnormality. The paper describes clinical cases of benign focal liver lesions and Abernethy malformation in children.

Choosing a treatment option for uterine fibroids is today one of the most relevant problems in gynecological practice. Thanks to the success of modern medicine and the increased level of the population’s culture, female patients seek medical help without waiting for the tumor to acquire significant sizes. However, in practice, there are cases when fibroids reach gigantic sizes. Hysterectomy is a traditional approach to treating uterine fibroids of these sizes according to the current clinical guidelines. The introduction of new high-tech treatments, such as uterine artery embolization, has led to a revision of radical surgery, by giving preference to alternative approaches especially in cases where the patient desires to preserve the reproductive organ. The paper describes a clinical case that confirms an individual approach to choosing a treatment option towards organ-sparing surgery for giant uterine fibroids. The use of endovascular embolization of the uterine arteries as a treatment for giant uterine fibroids is shown to be justified as an organ-sparing surgery if the patient desires to preserve reproductive function.

Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide, but there are also rarer types of breast neoplasms in clinical practice. One of these neoplasms is a phyllodes tumor. Due to the rare occurrence of phyllodes tumors and few studies of this pathology, there is today no information about the precise etiology and pathogenesis of this tumor. For the same reasons, it is very difficult to correctly and timely diagnose breast cancer, which requires both a highly qualified radiologist who first detects this disease in a patient and a pathologist who establishes a final morphological diagnosis. Existing studies, such as mammography and ultrasound, do not have reliable criteria for the diagnosis of phyllodes tumors and are unable to differentiate different histological types of these neoplasms, which further complicates the diagnosis of this pathology. Also, standards for the treatment of patients with this diagnosis have not been fully approved. The paper describes a clinical case of successful surgical treatment for a malignant phyllodes tumor of the left breast in a 47-year-old patient.

Computed tomography for coronavirus infection (COVID-19) is effective not only in making a diagnosis, but also in timely and accurately detecting some complications of this disease in different organs and systems. The paper shows various complications of coronavirus infection that a radiologist may face in practice, which develop both in the natural course and due to therapy for COVID-19, including hemorrhagic and thrombotic events in coagulopathy, pneumothorax, and pneumomediastinum as a result of the direct cytotoxic effect of SARS-CoV-2 on pneumocytes, and barotrauma during mechanical ventilation, as well as pathological fractures due to osteoporosis, including steroid osteoporosis that has developed during therapy with glucocorticosteroids. It considers the main causes and pathogenesis of various complications of coronavirus infection.

Background. Cardiovascular diseases are one of the main causes of death among women, and current prevention paradigms may not be sufficient in this group. In this context, it has been suggested that the detection of breast vascular calcifications can improve the screening and assessment of the risk of cardiovascular diseases in apparently healthy women.

Objective: to study the role of breast vascular calcifications as a potential predictor for coronary artery calcification. Material and methods. Examinations were made in 123 patients who underwent digital mammography and cardiac computed tomography to estimate a coronary artery calcium score.

Results. The use of the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney W-test for abnormal distribution showed a relationship between the presence of breast vascular calcifications and calcium score (p< 0.001), and that between aortic wall calcification and calcium score (p< 0.001).

Conclusion. Breast vascular calcifications detected by mammography are an indicator of a higher frequency of coronary artery calcification and, apparently, a predictor for the increased risk of cardiovascular disease.