Background. Individual activation maps based on brain functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data cannot yet be applied to refine a patient's diagnosis and prognosis. However, tracking activation dynamics in the same patient during the course of treatment or rehabilitation can be useful for assessing their efficacy. Population-based studies often fail to identify clinically significant activation parameters and to aid interpretation. To address this gap, we propose the examination of individual differences in activation in correspondence with the state of the mental process of interest.
Objective: to analyze individual differences in brain activation evoked by the n-back task (working memory updating) in young and elderly healthy participants related to accuracy and response times in this task.
Material and methods. fMRI was recorded in 16 young (18–35 years) and 16 elderly (60–75 years) healthy right-handed participants while they performed the n-back task. Group-level activation was assessed in the 2-back versus 0-back conditions. The effects of age (young/elderly), material type (verbal/nonverbal), accuracy and response times were assessed.
Results. In all participants, regardless of age, less effective performance in the 2-back task was accompanied by more pronounced activation. Lower accuracy was coupled with higher activation in the visual cortex bilaterally and in the right inferior frontal gyrus, while a higher response time was associated with greater activation in the right frontal components of the frontoparietal network and the right frontal pole.
Conclusion. Our findings explain a very small portion of the variance in activation patterns in the working memory tasks, so they cannot yet be used to interpret individual activation maps. However, they could pave the way for assessing dynamics of individual patterns over time if successfully replicated in a longitudinal study.

Objective: to analyze the possibilities and study the informative value of computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in visualizing the clinical manifestations of neurofibromatosis.
Material and methods. Based on retrospective analysis of the medical records, a group of types 1 and 2 neurofibromatose patients observed at the Children’s Republican Clinical Hospital was formed. In total, 35 children with a confirmed or clinically suspected disease of phacomatoses group were examined. The patients met the following inclusion criteria: age from 0 to 18 years inclusive, СT and MRI multi-system manifestations, characteristic visual changes.
Results. Brain and spinal cord study revealed focal areas of signal intensity (77.14%), optic nerve gliomas with a spread to chiasm (25,00%), peripheral neurofibromas (34.29%). Chest lesions included plexiform neurofibromas paravasally in the mediastinum and paravertebrally (5.71%), peripheral neurofibromas (2.86%). Examination of the abdominal cavity and retroperitoneal space showed peripheral neurofibromas (2.86%), and multi-node volumetric masses (2.86%). In the lower limbs, the following lesions were found: plexiform neurofibromas with limb soft tissue lesions (5.71%), fibrous dysplasia (5.71%). MRI showed a higher sensitivity in assessing central nervous system damage due to the high tissue contrast, which makes it possible to assess in detail the size, localization and growth pattern of the nervous tissue tumors, as well as their relation to the surrounding nervous structures. CT is preferable for evaluating visceral structures of the abdominal cavity and retroperitoneal space, detecting bone and thoracic lesions mediated by neurofibromatosis.
Conclusion. A multi-modal approach integrating the use of CT and MRI provides a comprehensive visual representation of neurofibromatosis manifestations.

Pulmonary arteriovenous malformation (PAVM) is an embryonic disorder of pulmonary vessels characterized by a communication between arterial and venous vessels. It occurs in 2–3 cases per 100 thousand population. In 60–70% of cases, PAVM can be single, in 30–40% of cases they are multiple, in 75% of cases – unilateral. It is known that the effect of oncogenes, teratogens, and ionizing radiation in the 7–12th weeks of embryogenesis is a prerequisite for the formation of vascular anomalies. However, the main role belongs to genetic factors involved in angiogenesis, inflammatory cytokine genes and genes encoding factors involved in vascular wall remodeling. The article presents a clinical case of PAVM in S4, S5 of the left lung diagnosed by contrast-enhanced multislice computed tomography. The pathology was detected in a 43-year-old male patient who complained of non-productive cough, inspiratory dyspnea with minor physical exertion, headaches, severe general weakness, which appeared after left-sided pneumonia suffered a month before admission to the hospital. Left-sided video-assisted thoracic surgery was performed with segmentectomy of S4, S5 left lung segments. Histological examination revealed arteriovenous anastomoses.

Thalassemias represent a heterogeneous group of autosomal recessive disorders resulting from reduced synthesis of alpha or beta hemoglobin chains causing structural abnormalities in red blood cells with their premature destruction accompanied by compensatory hyperplasia of bone marrow and extramedullary hematopoiesis. Frequent transfusions lead to iron overload affecting internal organs. The article presents a clinical case illustrating specific features of organ involvement and musculoskeletal system changes in a patient diagnosed with beta-thalassemia. Computed tomography revealed key findings including bone marrow hyperplasia, foci of extramedullary hematopoiesis, cardiomegaly as well as hepatomegaly with signs of hemosiderosis.

Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) is an extremely rare genetic disorder inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. The FOP development is caused by a mutation in the ACVR1 gene, which encodes a receptor for bone morphogenetic protein, leading to uncontrolled formation of heterotopic ossifications (HO) and causing complete immobility of the patient. Low-dose multislice computed tomography (LDCT) is considered a “gold standard” for assessing the localization and extent of HO lesions. In addition to its high spatial resolution, LDCT combined with specialized software enables quantitative volumetric measurement of HO areas, which can be extremely valuable for monitoring disease progression. We present a clinical case of FOP in a 2-year-old child, for whom whole-body LDCT was performed for the first time in the Russian Federation, followed by calculation of the total HO volume visualized during examination using integrated software tools.

A literature review of Russian and international studies on radiomics and radiogenomics in lung cancer was conducted, focusing on computed tomography and positron emission tomography imaging. Thе analyzed methodological stages included image acquisition, tumor segmentation, feature extraction, machine learning and artificial intelligence applications, as well as model validation. Radiogenomic models demonstrate varying predictive performance across different mutations. The highest accuracy has been reported for EGFR and ALK mutations, whereas results for KRAS remain less reproducible. Integration of radiomics with clinical and pathological data, as well as the use of deep learning, can substantially improve prediction accuracy, but challenges remain regarding model interpretability and lack of standardization. Overall, radiogenomics is a promising non-invasive tool for risk stratification, treatment response monitoring, and clinical decision support in non-small cell lung cancer. However, clinical implementation requires methodological standardization, large multicenter studies, and external validation.