Objective: to propose a procedure for analyzing the X-ray image of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) through the automated calculation of linear and angular measurements from craniometry points in comparison with the reference values.

Material and methods. Fifty TMJ cone beam computed tomography images were analyzed in 25 volunteers aged 18-25 years with orthognathic bite and physiological occlusion. All the tomography images were analyzed from craniometric points, by using a section corresponding to the midsagittal plane of the TMJ. Angular and linear measurements characterizing the functional capacities of the TMJ were determined. A statistical analysis involved descriptive methods and was carried out by the IBM SPSS 21 statistics.

Results. The introduction of automated estimation of TMJ functional capacities from angular and linear measurements made it possible to obtain the following data: the α-angle was 11.99±2.44° for the right TMJ and 12.12±2.78° for the left one; the β-angle was 11.58±2.31° for the right TMJ and 12.42±2.81° for the left one; the γ-angle was 156.41±4.57° for the right TMJ and 155.46±5.50° for the left one. A descriptive statistics checking revealed no gross errors.

Conclusion. It is expedient to take into account the findings as reference values to characterize the anatomical and functional state of the TMJ on the x-ray image.

Gaucher disease (GD) is an autosomal recessive Lysosomal storage disease caused by a deficiency of the enzyme glucocerebrosidase that is involved in glycosphingolipid degradation. The involvement of the osteoarticular system is one of the main manifestations of the disease and occurs in 70-100% of patients. However, the rarity of GD, nonspecific and heterogeneous clinical manifestations, and radiation semiotics similar to that of a number of other diseases may make differential diagnosis difficult.

Objective: to present the radiation semiotics of involvement of the osteoarticular system in GD type I. To determine the role of MRI in diagnosing and estimating the severity of osteoarticular involvement in patients with GD type I.

Material and methods. The data of X-ray and magnetic resonance images of the femurs along with the hip and knee joints were retrospectively analyzed in 86 patients diagnosed with GD type I. Studies were performed prior to specific therapy. The specific involvement of bone marrow in the pathological process was evaluated. Changes in the bones and joints, paraarticular structures, and soft tissues were determined.

Results. The patients with GD type I were shown to have a spectrum of osteoarticular changes. It was ascertained that bone involvement in GD might be reversible and irreversible. MRI is a sensitive technique for diagnosing reversible changes in the osseous system in GD.

Conclusion. The radiation semiotics of osteoarticular involvement in patients with GD type I is quite typical, and at the same time extremely variable. MRI is the gold standard method for the current diagnosis of osseous involvement in GD.

Objective: to estimate fetal subcutaneous fat (SCF) thickness, by using ultrasound findings. To analyze the relationship between the antenatal SCF thickness measurements at different sites and the presence of fetal macrosomia.

Material and methods. Fetometry was done in 53 pregnant women: a study group included 34 (64%) pregnant women with different types of diabetes mellitus and a control group consisted of 19 (36%) pregnant women without this condition. In addition to standard biometric parameters, SCF thickness was measured at three sites (mid-third of the shoulder, thigh, and anterior abdominal wall) in all fetuses. Eleven and three babies were born with macrosomia in the study and control groups, respectively.

Results. The weight of newborns in the study group was significantly higher than that in the control group (3,928±543 and 3,458±610 g, respectively; p=0.0056).

The greatest diagnostic value in predicting a large fetus at birth was shown by SCF thickness measurements in the thigh area in the control group and in the shoulder area in the study group. The SCF thickness was 3 mm and more in the mid-third of the thigh and 2.5 mm and more in the mid-third of the shoulder, which are predictors of a large fetus.

Conclusions. Fetometric measurements of the estimated fetal weight are extremely important in obstetric practice, as this conclusion may affect delivery timing and mode. The basic formulas are not always accurate, especially in cases of fetal macrosomia. The SCF thickness is an additional marker for macrosomia and can be used even in cases of difficult visualization.

The main techniques used for the primary staging and evaluation of treatment response in children with Hodgkin's Lymphoma (HL) are contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) and 18F-fl.uorodeoxygLucose positron emission tomography combined with computed tomography (18F-FDG PET/CT). Both techniques have a high sensitivity and specificity. Despite this, a single diagnostic protocol has not yet been developed for children with Hodgkin's Lymphoma. The simultaneous use of the two methods is not aLways appropriate at each treatment stage. The unreasonabLe consecutive performance of CECT and 18F-FDG PET/CT in children with HL increases the cumulative radiation dose for a child and the consumption of equipment resources. This article describes in detail the main advantages and disadvantages of CECT and 18F-FDG PET/CT at all stages of management of children with HL, as well as various approaches for current diagnostic algorithms in the primary staging of HL in children and in the evaluation of treatment efficiency.

Literature was sought using the following databases: Pubmed, Uptodate, ClinikalKey, CyberLen-inka, and Russian Science Citation Index (RSCI).

The authors performed a systematic review to summarize data on the approaches and methods of bowels preparation for radiography, radiology and ultrasound studies. The review included 15 articles on computed tomography (CT) and 30 articles on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Due to the limited evidence, researches on X-ray and ultrasound (US) studies are not included in the review; the authors just summarized the main provisions for these modalities. The bowels preparation must be completed before making the CT colonography (diet, bowel cleansing within max. 24 hours, marking the residual content). For purification, solutions of low-volume polyethylene glycol (PEG) 2 L with ascorbate complex and electrolytes, bisacodyl and other medications were used. The choice of a specific drug regimen of bowels cleansing should be based on a personalized approach to patient, balance, consideration of studies purpose and reasons. The bowels preparation must be completed before making the MRI (two ways: complete cleansing (most often with low-volume polyethylene glycol 2 L solutions with ascorbate complex and electrolytes or diet, followed by contrasting the residual content). There is no reliable information on the benefits of each particular approach. The insufficient evidence is due to the lack of comparative studies. When performing the MRI of men's small pelvic, doctors use antispasmodics, for women they prefer diet, mechanical cleansing, suppositories with bisacodyl or magnesia, followed by rehydration on the day of studies. There is currently no reliable data on the need in bowels preparation before making the following studies: CT of abdominal cavity and small pelvis (except for the large intestine), excretory urography, metro(hystero)salpingography, ultrasound of the large intestine. PEG solutions with electrolytes have relative advantages in preparing bowels for radiation studies (possibility of using in cases when the prescription of other laxatives is contraindicated).

This paper provides information on the prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in the population. In General, according to various studies, signs of kidney disease and/or reduced glomerular filtration rate (GFR) are detected on average in every tenth resident in different countries. It is extremely important to identify such patients before MRI with contrast enhancement, otherwise non-compliance with international manuals on contrast agents could lead to nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF). The data of the study of Gadobutrol in Renally Impaired Patients (GRIP) indicate a favorable safety profile of Gadovist® in patients with moderate and severe renal impairment. Taking into account the available safety data and current manuals on contrast agents, only NSF low risk gadolinium-based contrast agents can be used in patients with severe renal impairment.