Background. Due to development of new diagnostic technologies, craniovertebral junction anomalies have begun to be detected more frequently. The most clinically significant is the Chiari malformation (CM), or Arnold–Chiari anomaly.

Objective: to analyze the incidence of various types of CM, Kimmerle anomaly (KA) and other craniovertebral anomalies, assess its dependence on craniometric parameters according to the protocols of radiological studies and neurosurgical department data for 5 years.

Material and methods. The results of computed tomography (CT) and Doppler ultrasound performed in patients of the Republican Clinical Hospital (Chuvash Republic) in 2017–2021 were studied. Craniometry was carried out using CT data, and the incidence of craniovertebral anomalies was assessed depending on skull shape. Discharge reports of patients from the neurosurgical department were analyzed for the same period.

Results. According to CT results, detection rate for CM causing hospitalization in the neurosurgical department was 7.6–7.8 cases per year. CM was 1.5–3 times more common in female patients, but in males it manifested at a younger age. The likelihood of this pathology was highest in persons with brachycephalic scull. CM was combined with other anomalies of skull and spine bone structure (platybasia, basilar impression, spina bifida posterior) in 18.4% of observations, and with KA in 31% of cases. Surgical decompression of craniovertebral junction was required in 77% of patients, 2/3 of which had signs of syringomyelia.

Conclusion. CM is more often found in female patients, however, its clinical manifestations, which cause hospitalization in neurosurgical department, occur in males at a younger, most able-bodied age. The likelihood of detecting this anomaly is higher in patients with brachycrania. In almost half of CM patients, it may be combined with other craniovertebral junction anomalies, most commonly with KA.

Objective: to evaluate the features of renal diffusion-weighted images (DWI) and arterial spin labeling (ASL) perfusion results in acute kidney injury (AKI).

Material and methods. In the intensive care unit of Clinical Hospital No. 1 (Smolensk), 58 AKI patients were examined from 2021 to 2024. All patients underwent renal magnetic resonance imaging for 1–3 days with the inclusion of DWI sequences and ASL perfusion as well as ultrasound dopplerography. The control group was formed from 55 healthy volunteers to standardize the obtained results.

Results. The data were analyzed in comparison with AKI causal factor. The statistical results had cut-off thresholds that allowed predicting the cause of AKI, but a comprehensive analysis of the quantitative criterion of renal ASL perfusion, qualitative and quantitative criteria of DWI (r=0.947) was required. ASL perfusion indicators for all etiological causes were statistically significant in comparison with the normal ones (r=0.995). The determination of AKI causal factor was important for the subsequent management of patients: for a prerenal cause, active administration of plasma-substituting solutions, and for a renal one, restrictive infusion therapy tactics were needed. It was also noted that an increase in kidney ASL perfusion values had a positive effect on clinical and laboratory picture of AKI patients (r=0.903).

Conclusion. The feature of joint application of renal DWI and ASL perfusion in AKI is the comprehensive assessment of qualitative and quantitative criteria according to DWI data, and quantitative criterion according to ASL perfusion data. In assessing DWI, color mapping should be used. The complex results of renal DWI and ASL perfusion allow predicting AKI cause.

The article describes a clinical case of recurrent retroperitoneal liposarcoma with a rare type of distant metastasis in a patient undergoing surgical and chemotherapy treatment in Cancer Center No. 1 (branch of Yudin City Clinical Hospital) since May 2021. The patient's medical history and computed tomography (CT) results were analyzed. The use of CT remains an extremely important stage in the examination of patients with retroperitoneal liposarcoma for assessing local prevalence, identifying distant secondary lesions, including ones to soft tissues.

The article presents a clinical case of a patient born in 1963, examined and treated at Ostroverkhov Kursk Oncology Scientific and Clinical Center in 2024. The complexity of schwannoma preoperative diagnosis was illustrated: a complete discrepancy between complaints and clinical manifestations, rare localization for schwannoma (chest wall soft tissues, retroperitoneal space), discrepancies in the results of comprehensive preoperative diagnosis (multislice computed tomography, ultrasound, positron emission tomography with computed tomography), problems of histological examination of biopsy material obtained during tumor core biopsy under ultrasound control. The final diagnosis was established only after performing a radical operation with rib resection. The publication can help radiologists, ultrasound diagnosticians, morphologists, oncologists, surgeons to accumulate clinical experience for choosing optimal diagnostic methods and developing an algorithm for patient management.

The article presents four clinical observations of patients who underwent contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) after treatment for cholelithiasis complicated by choledocholithiasis. Abdominal MRI was performed using Amira 1.5T MR tomograph (Siemens, Germany) according to standard protocols with subsequent injection of contrast agent in the form of 20 ml of paramagnetic (Omniscan®) diluted in 50 ml of saline solution: in three patients – into the common bile duct drainage tubes, and in one patient – through a probe inserted into the fistulous tract of the anterior abdominal wall. It was shown that dilution of 20 ml of Omniscan® in 50 ml of saline solution to increase the volume of the contrast agent does not significantly affect MR properties of the paramagnetic. The technique allowed identifying the patency of extrahepatic bile ducts and showed high potential in detecting bile discharge as a complication of surgical treatment for choledocholithiasis, but it did not visualize directly the lumen of drainage tubes and fistula passages, which requires further improvement.

Traditional antitumor methods of special treatment for malignant neoplasms are open surgery, chemo- and radiation therapy, and, in recent years, immunotherapy. At the same time, they are associated with a number of unfavorable factors (primarily during the surgical stage of special treatment), such as long periods of patients’ hospital stay and subsequent recovery. One of the main goals of technological and medical research in the field of combating malignant neoplasms is to significantly reduce local, regional and systemic side effects compared with traditional methods of treatment and provide additional therapeutic opportunities in cases where traditional methods are ineffective. Not so long ago, relatively new methods of antitumor treatment have been introduced into clinical practice, such as radiofrequency, laser, microwave and cryoablation, and high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU), which is currently being intensively improved as a non-invasive method of treating a number of primary as well as recurrent solid tumors and metastatic diseases. The article presents in a quite brief form the stages of HIFU method formation, methodological aspects and physical foundations of HIFU therapy, as well as very positive results already achieved in clinical application of this method for the treatment of malignant tumors.