Background. Patellar instability in childhood and adolescence may be associated with a violation of its tracking, which often leads to the development of recurrent dislocation and rapid progression of degenerative-dystrophic changes in cartilage tissue. The standard protocol of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at the initial biochemical stages of cartilage matrix transformation is not effective enough to assess the shape of the patella, the degree of facet development, the state of articular cartilage, and the integrity of the supporting ligaments of the patella. Quantitative relaxation time T2 during cartilage MR mapping is a noninvasive marker of cartilage degeneration, sensitive to biochemical composition and degree of tissue hydration. T2 mapping can complement the study due to its high diagnostic significance in the early stages of arthrosis development.

Objective: to assess the condition of patellar articular cartilage after stabilizing arthroscopic surgery for recurrent patellar dislocation in children using MRI with color T2 mapping.

Material and methods. The study included 22 adolescents aged 15–17 years (13 boys, 9 girls) with habitual patellar dislocation. All patients underwent stabilizing surgical treatment. Before the operation, clinical tests, X-ray examinations in three projections, ultrasound and computed tomography of knee joints were performed. Knee joint MRI before, on day 3 and 6 months after surgery was supplemented with color mapping of patellar cartilage tissue with calculation of T2 relaxation time.

Results. Local areas in the loaded areas of patellar cartilage with an average T2 relaxation time of 35.5 ms before surgery were detected in all patients. On day 3, with the correct position of the patella, the T2 relaxation time increased to 37.8 ms. After 6 months, 86.4% of patients showed a decrease, including in 73.7% of cases – up to 28.6 ms on average.

Conclusion. MRI with color T2 mapping makes it possible to assess the restoration of cartilage structure after stabilizing surgical treatment. A slowdown in the processes of chondro-degeneration and a regenerative effect are noted as early as 6 months after surgery.

Background. Early diagnosis of diabetic polyneuropathy in childhood is an urgent healthcare problem. Radiomics analysis of ultrasound images is a promising diagnostic tool for assessing the morphological structure of peripheral nerves in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM).

Objective: to evaluate the possibility of using radiomics analysis in the diagnosis of peripheral nerve changes based on ultrasound images in T1DM patients of young age.

Material and methods. A total of 126 ultrasound images of peripheral nerves of the upper and lower limbs in T1DM patients aged 10–17 years (n=10) and controls (n=10) (four locations, greyscale mode) were studied.

Results. Radiomics analysis revealed differences in the texture of peripheral nerves of the limbs in young T1DM patients when compared with healthy individuals.

Conclusion. The method of radiomics analysis is a promising diagnostic tool for assessing changes in peripheral nerves in children and adolescents with T1DM.

Objective: to compare the objective results of ultrasound imaging of neck main arteries with echocardiography data, to assess the correlation patterns between the morphological characteristics of the structures.

Material and methods. A total of 244 volunteers (who had no signs of significant hemodynamic disorders, surgical interventions on the heart and studied vessels) were examined, who underwent ultrasound imaging of the carotid arteries and echocardiography. All studies were performed using a single technique with an assessment of the diameters of common carotid artery (CCA), internal carotid artery (ICA), external carotid artery (ECA), vertebral arteries (VA), as well as intima-media complex (IMC). The echographic characteristics of the aortic wall, aortic and mitral valves were considered. The data obtained were grouped and subjected to statistical analysis.

Results. Based on the diagnostic data obtained by echocardiography, eight groups were formed: (1) with signs of changes in the aorta; (2) with changes at the level of the aorta and aortic valve; (3) with changes in the aorta and mitral valve; (4) with changes in the aortic and mitral valves; (5) without signs of changes in the aorta, aortic and mitral valves; (6) with changes only in the aortic valve; (7) with changes only in the mitral valve; (8) with changes only at the level of the aortic and mitral valves. When assessing the differences between pairs of groups in cases of diagnosis of structural changes in the aortic walls and valvular heart apparatus, the indicators differed slightly, more often for IMC value. There were differences for ICA diameter when comparing Groups 1 and 4. Morphometric parameters of VA in cases of diagnosed changes did not reflect significant differences. The largest CCA diameter (5.8±0.7 mm) was noted in combination with changes in the aortic wall and heart valves. The smallest CCA diameter (5.0± 0.3) mm was in Group 6. The largest ICA (4.6±0.4 mm) and ECA (3.6±0.4) diameters were with changes in the mitral valve. The smallest ICA diameter (4.1±0.4 mm) was observed with changes only in the aortic walls. The smallest values for ECA and VA diameters were 2.8 mm, combined with changes in the aortic valve only. The most pronounced differences were obtained when comparing data in the absence of significant changes in the aortic walls and heart valves for CCA, VA, and ECA IMC.

Conclusion. The presented results expand our understanding of the individual features of neck main arteries, accompanying changes in the aortic walls and valvular apparatus of the heart.

This article reviews the characteristic radiological signs of tumor and tumor-like neoplasms of maxillofacial bones, their differences and diagnostic features. An overview of the methods of radiation diagnostics used to assess the structure and extent of bone tissue damage is given. The criteria that make it possible to distinguish malignant processes from benign and tumor-like formations are shown. The presented material is useful for improving the accuracy of diagnosis and choosing the optimal treatment tactics in clinical practice.

Today in the world there is a growing interest in the interpretation of radiologic, in particular mammographic, data using artificial intelligence (AI). In the presented review of scientific literature, based on the most significant studies of recent years an attempt was made to determine the place of AI in radiologic diagnosis of breast cancer. It is shown that in the future, AI can become an integral part of breast cancer mammographic screening, although at the moment the ethical and legal issues of its use have not been fully resolved.

Vasily Kornilovich Modestov is an iconic figure of medical science. His achievements include the establishment of the resort destination in the Urals, the development of Russian balneology and radiobalneology, and a number of important inventions and proposals that preserved the health of many soldiers during the Great Patriotic War. However, even among radiologists, the role of V.K. Modestov as an organizer of the country's first Medical Radiology Department in the development of diagnostic and therapeutic use of open radioactive isotopes is little known. In an attempt to correct this injustice, the authors consider the origins of Medical Radiology Department, the main stages of its formation under the leadership of V.K. Modestov.