CURRENT POSSIBILITIES OF RADIATION DIAGNOSIS OF PROSTATE CANCER

This literature review provides information on the main radiation diagnostic methods and approaches for prostate cancer, which are used in current medical practice both by ultrasound (routine transrectal ultrasound (TRUS), sonoelastography, etc.) and most promising diagnostic techniques (multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI), hybrid fluorocholine and GaPSMA positron emission tomography/computed tomography and Ga-PSMA, etc.), the widespread clinical introduction of which has been recently observed. The paper discusses their sensitivity and specificity and the role and relationship in the diagnostic process. It also gives current unified mpMRI reporting and data system version 2 (RADSv.2). The advantages and disadvantages of standard ultrasound-guided biopsy (including its extended variant) are discussed. There are data on the experience with new procedures for prostate biopsy under guidance of up-to-date radiology techniques (mpMRI/TRUS fusion-guided biopsy and MRI-guided prostate biopsy) that are yet to take their place in routine clinical practice.

1. Каприн А.Д., Хмелевский Е.В., Фадеев А.В. Радикальное лечение больных локализованным и местно-распространенным раком предстательной железы. Вестник Российского научного центра рентгенорадиологии Минздрава России. 2008; 1 (8). http://vestnik.rncrr.ru/vestnik/v8/papers/fadeev_v8.htm (дата обращения 15.11.2017). [Kaprin A.D., Khmelevskiy E.V., Fadeev A.V. Radical treatment of patients with local and regional prostate cancer. Vestnik Rossiyskogo Nauchnogo Tsentra Rentgenoradiologii Minzdrava Rossii (Herald of the Russian Scientific Center of Roentgen Radiology of the Ministry of Health of Russia). 2008; 1 (8). Available at: http://vestnik.rncrr.ru/vestnik/v8/papers/fadeev_v8.htm (accessed November 15, 2017) (in Russ.).]

2. Матвеев В.Б. Рак предстательной железы: Методическое пособие. М.; 2014. [Matveev V.B. Prostate cancer: Guidelines. Moscow; 2014 (in Russ.).]

3. Каприн А.Д., Старинский Г.В., Петрова Г.В. (ред.) Состояние онкологической помощи населению России в 2015 году. М.: МНИОИ им. П.А. Герцена – филиал ФГБУ «НМИРЦ» Минздрава России; 2016. [Caprin A.D., Starinskiy G.V., Petrova G.V. (Eds.) The state of oncological assistance to the population of Russia in 2015. Moscow; 2016 (in Russ.).]

4. Hambrock T., Hoeks C., Hulsbergen-Van De Kaa C., Scheenen T., Fütterer J., Bouwense S. et al. Prospective assessment of prostate cancer aggressiveness using 3-T diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging-guided biopsies versus a systematic 10-core transrectal ultrasound prostate biopsy cohort. Eur. Urol. 2012; 61: 177–84. DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2011.08.042. PMID: 21924545

5. Djavan B., Kazzazi A., Dulabon L., Margreiter M., Farr A., Handl M.J. et al. Diagnostic Strategies for Prostate Cancer. Eur. Urol. Suppl. 2011; 10. DOI: 10.1016/j.eursup. 2011.03.010

6. Heidenreich A., Bastian P.J., Bellmunt J., Bolla M., Toniau S., Van der Kwast T. et al. EAU guidelines on prostate cancer. Part 1: Screening, diagnosis, and local treatment with curative intent – Update 2013. Eur. Urol. 2014; 65: 124–37. DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2013.09.046

7. Зубарев А.В., Алферов С.М., Грибунов Ю.П., Панфилова Е.А. Возможности эластографии в комплексной ультразвуковой диагностике рака предстательной железы. Медицинская визуализация. 2011; 2: 95–103. [Zubarev A.V., Alferov S.M., Gribunov Yu.P., Panfilova E.A. The Sonoelastography in the complex US diagnosis of prostate cancer. Meditsinskaya Vizualizatsiya (Medical Visualisation, Russian journal). 2011; 2: 95–103 (in Russ.).]

8. Bercoff J., Tanter M., Fink M. Supersonic shear imaging: a new technique for soft tissue elasticity mapping. IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control. 2004; 51: 396–409. DOI: 10.1109/TUFFC. 2004.1295425

9. Giurgiu C.R., Manea C., Cri 5 san N., Bunga∨ rdeon C., Coman I., Dudea S.M. Real-time sonoelastography in the diagnosis of prostate cancer. Med. Ultrason. 2011; 13: 5–9.

10. Correas J.M., Tissier A.M., Khairoune A., Khoury G., Eiss D., Hélénon O. Ultrasound elastography of the prostate: State of the art. Diagn. Interv. Imaging. 2013; 94: 551–60. DOI: 10.1016/j.diii.2013.01.017

11. Barentsz J.O., Weinreb J.C., Verma S., Thoeny H.C., Tempany C.M., Shtern F. et al. Synopsis of the PI-RADS v2 guidelines for multiparametric prostate magnetic resonance imaging and recommendations for use. Eur. Urol. 2016; 69: 41–9. DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2015.08.038. PMID: 23560380

12. Ахвердиева Г.И., Санай Э.Б., Панов В.О., Тюрин И.Е., Губский И.Л., Камолов Б.Ш. и др. Роль мультипараметрической МРТ в выявлении и локализации раннего рака предстательной железы. Онкоурология. 2013; 4: 25–36. [Akhverdieva G.I., Sanay E.B., Panov V.O., Tyurin I.E., Gubskiy I.L., Kamolov B.Sh. et al. Role of multiparametric MRI in the detection and localization of early-stage prostate cancer. Onkourologiya (Cancer Urology, Russian journal). 2013; 4: 25–36 (in Russ.).]

13. Röthke M., Blondin D., Schlemmer H.-P., Franiel T. PI-RADS classification: structured reporting for MRI of the prostate. Rofo. 2013; 185: 253–61. DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1330270

14. Weinreb J.C., Barentsz J.O., Choyke P.L. PI-RADS prostate imaging reporting and data System: 2015, version 2. Eur. Urol. 2016; 69: 16–40.

15. Thoeny H.C., Froehlich J.M., Triantafyllou M., Huesler J., Bains L.J., Vermathen P. et al. Metastases in normal sized pelvic lymph nodes: detection with diffusion-weighted MR imaging. Radiology. 2014; 273 (1): 125–35. DOI: 10.1148/radiol.14132921. PMID: 24893049

16. Mcneal J.E. The zonal anatomy of the prostate. 1981; 2: 35–49. DOI: 10.1055/s-2008-1075885

17. Puech P., Rouviére O., RenardPenna R., Villers A., Devos P., Coloombel M. et al. Prostate cancer diagnosis: multiparametric MRtargeted biopsy with cognitive and transrectal US-MR fusion guidance versus systematic biopsyprospective multicenter study. J. Urol. 2013; 190: 1765. DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2013.07.081

18. Мищенко А.В., Рубцова Н.А., Алексеев Б.Я. Система унифицированного подхода к интерпретации магнитно-резонансной томографии предстательной железы согласно руководству PI-RADSv2. Онкоурология. 2016; 12 (1): 81–9. DOI: 10.17 650/1726-9776-2016-12-1-81-89 [Mishchenko A.V., Rubtsova N.A., Alekseev B.Ya. A system of a unified approach to interpreting prostate magnetic resonance imaging according to the PI-RADSv2 guidelines. Onkourologiya (Cancer Urology, Russian journal). 2016; 12 (1): 81–9. DOI: 10.17 650/1726-9776-2016-12-1-81-89 (in Russ.).]

19. Русаков И.Г., Франк Г.А., Степанов С.О. Биопсия предстательной железы: Пособие для врачей. М.: МНИОИ им. П.А. Герцена; 2002. [Rusakov I.G., Frank G.A., Stepanov S.O. Prostate biopsy: Guidelines for doctors. Moscow; 2002 (in Russ.).]

20. Durmus, T., Reichelt U., Huppertz A., Hamm B., Beyersdorff D., Franiel T. MRI-guided biopsy of the prostate: correlation between the cancer detection rate and the number of previous negative TRUS biopsies. Diagnostic. Interv. Radiol. 2013; 19: 411–7. DOI: 10.5152/dir.2013.13055

21. Капустин В.В., Громов А.И., Широкорад В.И., Кушурников Д.С., Жуков А.Г. Трудности диагностики рака предстательной железы при его нетипичном «переднем» расположении. Радиология–практика. 2011; 5: 71–4. [Kapustin V.V., Gromov A.I., Shirokorad V.I., Kushurnikov D.S., Zhukov A.G. Problem of prostate cancer diagnostics in cases of non-tipycal “anterior” tumor localizaton. Radiologiya–Praktika (Radiology–Practice, Russian journal). 2011; 5: 71–4 (in Russ.).]

22. Delahunt B., Miller R.J., Srigley J.R., Evans A.J., Samaratunga H. Gleason grading: past, present and future. Histopathology. 2012; 60: 75–86. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2011.04003.x

23. Minhay Siddiqui M., Rais-Bahrami S., Truong H., Stamatakis L. Magnetic resonance imaging/ultrasoundfusion biopsy significantly upgrades prostate cancer versus systematic 12-core transrectal ultrasound biopsy. Eur. Urol. 2013; 64: 713–9. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0302283813005988 (дата обращения 11.11.2017).

24. Капустин В.В. Технология совмещения УЗ- и МРТ-изображений в диагностике рака предстательной железы. Экспериментальная и клиническая урология. 2011; 2–3: 25–6. [Kapustin V.V. Ultrasound and MRI fusion technology in diagnostics of prostate cancer. Eksperimental’naya i Klinicheskaya Urologiya (Experimental and Clinical Urology, Russian journal). 2011; 2–3: 25–6 (in Russ.).]

25. Moore C.M., Robertson N.L., Arsanious N., Middleton T., Villers A., Klotz L. et al. Image-guided prostate biopsy using magnetic resonance imaging-derived targets: a systematic review. Eur. Urol. 2013; 63: 125–40. DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo. 2012.06.004

26. Van de Ven W.J.M., Venderink W., Sedelaar J.P.M., Veltman J., Barentsz J.O., Fütterer J.J. et al. MRtargeted TRUS prostate biopsy using local reference augmentation: initial experience. Int. Urol. Nephrol. 2016; 48: 1037–45. DOI: 10.1007/s11255-016-1283-2

27. Hoeks C., Schouten M.G., Bomers J., Hoogendoorn S.P., Hulsbergen Van De Kaa C.A., Hambrock T. et al. Three-tesla magnetic resonanceguided prostate biopsy in men with increased prostate-specific antigen and repeated, negative, random, systematic, transrectal ultrasound biopsies: Detection of clinically significant prostate cancers. Eur. Urol. 2012; 62: 902–9. DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2012.01.047

28. Kim C.K. Magnetic resonance imaging-guided prostate biopsy: Present and future. Korean J. Radiol. 2015; 16: 90–8. DOI: 10.3348/kjr.2015.16.1.90

29. Delongchamps N.B., Zerbib M. Role of magnetic resonance imaging before initial biopsy: comparison of magnetic resonance imaging-targeted and systematic biopsy for significant prostate cancer detection. Eur. Urol. 2012; 61: 622–3. DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2011.12.038

30. Eskew L.A., Bare R.L., McCullough D.L. Systematic 5 region prostate biopsy is superior to sextant method for diagnosing carcinoma of the prostate. J. Urol. 1997; 157: 199–203. DOI: 10.1097/00005392-199701000-00059

31. Куплевацкий В.И., Черкашин М.А., Рощин Д.А., Березина Н.А., Воробьёв Н.А. Биопсия предстательной железы под контролем магнитно-резонансной томографии. Вестик рентгенологии и радиологии. 2016; 97 (1): 48–55. DOI: 10.20862/0042-4676-97-1-48-55 [Kuplevatskiy V.I., Cherkashin M.A., Roshchin D.A., Berezina N.A., Vorob’ev N.A. Prostate biopsy under magnetic resonance imaging guidance. Vestnik Rentgenologii i Radiologii (Russian Journal of Radiology). 2016; 97 (1): 48–55. DOI: 10.20862/0042-4676-2016-97-1-48-55 (in Russ.).]

32. Неледов Д.В., Шавладзе З.Н., Березовская Т.П. Малоинвазивные вмешательства под контролем магнитно-резонансной томографии в уточняющей диагностике опухолей малого таза. Вестник рентгенологии и радиологии. 2014; 2: 31–7. [Neledov D.V., Shavladze Z.N., Berezovskaya T.P. Miniinvasive interventions under magnetic resonance guidance in the clarifying diagnosis of small pelvic tumors. Vestnik Rentgenoligii i Radiologii (Russian journal of Radiology). 2014; 2: 31–7 (in Russ.).]

33. Ceci F., Castellucci P., Graziani T., Schiavina R., Chondrogiannis S., Bonfiglieli R. et al. 11C-Choline PET/CT identifies osteoblastic and osteolytic lesions in patients with metastatic prostate cancer. Clin. Nucl. Med. 2015; 40: e265–70. DOI: 10.1097/RLU.0000000000000783

34. Littooij A.S., Kwee T.C., Barber I., Granata C., Vermoolen M.A., Enríquez G. et al. Whole-body MRI for initial staging of paediatric lymphoma: prospective comparison to an FDG-PET/CT-based reference standard. Eur. Radiol. 2014; 24: 1153–65. DOI: 10.1007/s00330-014-3114-0

35. Сергеев Н.И., Котляров П.М., Солодкий В.А. Диффузионно-взвешенные изображения в диагностике метастатического поражения позвоночника и костей таза. Сибирский онкологический журнал. 2012; 6 (54): 68–72. [Sergeev N.I., Kotlyarov P.M., Solodkiy V.A. Diffusion-weighted images in the diagnosis of metastatic lesions of the spine and pelvic bones. Sibirskiy Onkologicheskiy Zhurnal (Siberian Oncology Journal, Russian journal). 2012; 6 (54): 68–72 (in Russ.).]

36. Eiber M., Holzapfel K., Ganter C., Epple K., Metz S., Geinitz H. et al. Whole-body MRI including diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) for patients with recurring prostate cancer: technical feasibility and assessment of lesion conspicuity in DWI. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging. 2011; 33: 1160–70. DOI: 10.1002/jmri.22542. PMID 21509875

37. Meirelles G., Schöder H., Ravizzini G.C., Gönen M., Fox J.J., Humm J. et al. Prognostic value of baseline [18F] fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography and 99mTcMDP bone scan in progressing metastatic prostate cancer. Clin. Cancer. Res. 2010; 16: 6093–9. DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-10-1357

38. Долгушин М.Б., Оджарова А.А., Михайлов А.М., Ширяев С.В., Тулин П.Е., Невзоров Д.И. и др. ПЭТ/КТ с 18F-фторхолином в режиме двухэтапного сканирования при биохимических рецидивах рака предстательной железы. Онкоурология. 2015; 11 (2): 46. DOI: 10.17650/1726-9776-2015-11-2-46-54. [Dolgushin M.B., Odzharova A.A., Mikhaylov A.M., Shiryaev S.V., Tulin P.E., Nevzorov D.I. et al. Dual-stage 18F-fluorocholine PET/CT scanning for biochemical recurrences of prostate cancer. Onkourologiya (Oncourology, Russian journal). 2015; 11 (2): 46. DOI: 10.17650/1726-9776-2015-11-2-46-54 (in Russ.).]

39. Eiber M., Maurer T., Souvatzoglou M. et al. Evaluation of hybrid 68Ga-PSMA-ligand PET/CT in 248 patients with biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy. J. Nucl. Med. 2015; 56: 668–74. DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.115.154153