Bowel Preparation for Imaging Studies: Systematic Review

The authors performed a systematic review to summarize data on the approaches and methods of bowels preparation for radiography, radiology and ultrasound studies. The review included 15 articles on computed tomography (CT) and 30 articles on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Due to the limited evidence, researches on X-ray and ultrasound (US) studies are not included in the review; the authors just summarized the main provisions for these modalities. The bowels preparation must be completed before making the CT colonography (diet, bowel cleansing within max. 24 hours, marking the residual content). For purification, solutions of low-volume polyethylene glycol (PEG) 2 L with ascorbate complex and electrolytes, bisacodyl and other medications were used. The choice of a specific drug regimen of bowels cleansing should be based on a personalized approach to patient, balance, consideration of studies purpose and reasons. The bowels preparation must be completed before making the MRI (two ways: complete cleansing (most often with low-volume polyethylene glycol 2 L solutions with ascorbate complex and electrolytes or diet, followed by contrasting the residual content). There is no reliable information on the benefits of each particular approach. The insufficient evidence is due to the lack of comparative studies. When performing the MRI of men's small pelvic, doctors use antispasmodics, for women they prefer diet, mechanical cleansing, suppositories with bisacodyl or magnesia, followed by rehydration on the day of studies. There is currently no reliable data on the need in bowels preparation before making the following studies: CT of abdominal cavity and small pelvis (except for the large intestine), excretory urography, metro(hystero)salpingography, ultrasound of the large intestine. PEG solutions with electrolytes have relative advantages in preparing bowels for radiation studies (possibility of using in cases when the prescription of other laxatives is contraindicated).

1. Informativeness of diagnostic visualization methods for different pathologies. Part 2. Diagnostic of pathologies and diseases of gastrointestinal tract / Best practices of visual and instrumental diagnostics. Ed. By S.P. Morozov. N19. Moscow, 2019. 20 p. (In Russ.).

2. Khomutova E.Yu., Ignatiev Yu.T., Filippova Yu.G. Prep-less Virtual Colonoscopy: an Evaluation of Electronic Cleansing in Detecting Colorectal Lesions. Medicin-skaya vizualizaciya (Medical Visualization). 2010; 2: 129-136 (In Russ.).

3. Rogozina N.N., Morozov S.P., Bashankaev B.N. Virtual colonoscopy. On-kologiya. Zhurnal imeni P.A. Gertsena (P.A. Herzen Journal of Oncology). 2014; 2(6): 77-84 (In Russ.).

4. Rogozina N.N., Morozov S.P., Kryuchkova O.V., Nis-hitov S.P. Errors when performing computed tomographic colonography (virtual colonoscopy) and assessing its results. Vestnik rentgenologii i radiologii (Journal of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine). 2014; 1: 63-9 (In Russ.).

5. Rogozina N.N., Neshitov S.P., Morozov S.P. Opportunities of computed tomographic colonography in detecting of colon neoplasms. Khirurgiya. Zhurnal imeni N.I. Pirogova (Pirogov Russian Journal of Surgery). 2014; 3: 37-42 (In Russ.).

6. Trofimova T.N., Pirgulov S.N. Irrigoscopy, CT colonography, rectal MRI: diagnosis in coloproctology at the present stage of development. Luchevaya diagnostika i terapiya (Diagnostic radiology and radiotherapy). 2016; 4(7): 20-8 (In Russ).

7. Lin J.S., Piper M.A., Perdue L.A., Rutter C.M. et al. Screening for Colorectal Cancer: Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA. 2016 Jun 21; 315(23): 2576-94. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2016.3332

8. Chang K.J., Kim D.H. CTC technique: methods to ensure an optimal exam. Abdom Radiol (NY). 2018 Mar; 43(3): 523-38. DOI: 10.1007/s00261-018-1499-y

9. Woodbridge L., Wylie P. Current Issues in Computed Tomography Colonography. Semin Ultrasound CT MR. 2016 Aug; 37(4): 331-8. DOI: 10.1053/j.sult.2016.02.005

10. Neri E., Lefere P., Gryspeerdt S., Bemi P. et al. Bowel preparation for CT colonography. Eur J Radiol. 2013 Aug; 82(8): 1137-43. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2012.11.006

11. Neri E., Halligan S., Hellstrom M., Lefere P., Mang T., Regge D. et al. The second ESGAR consensus statement on CT colonography. Eur Radiol. 2013 Mar; 23(3): 720-9. DOI: 10.1007/s00330-012-2632-x

12. ACR-SAR-SCBT-MR practice parameter for the performance of computed tomography (CT) colonography in adults. URL: https://www.acr.org/w/media/ACR/Doc-uments/PGTS/guidelines/CT_Colonography.pdf (дата обращения: 25.11.2018).

13. Moreno C., Kim D.H., Bartel T.B., Cash B.D., Chang K.J. et al. ACR Appropriateness Criteria Colorectal Cancer Screening. J Am Coll Radiol. 2018 May; 15(5S): S56-S68. DOI: 10.1016/j.jacr.2018.03.014

14. Plumb A.A., Pathiraja F., Nickerson C., Wooldrage K. et al. Appearances of screen-detected versus symptomatic colorectal cancers at CT colonography. Eur Radiol. 2016 Dec; 26(12): 4313-22.

15. Meric K., Bakal N., §enatej E., Aydin S. et al. Comparison of a 4-Day versus 2-Day Low Fiber Diet Regimen in Barium Tagging CT Colonography in Incomplete Colonoscopy Patients. Gastroenterol Res Pract. 2015; 2015:609150. DOI: 10.1155/2015/609150

16. Bellini D., De Santis D., Caruso D., Rengo M., Ferrari R., Biondi T. et al. Bowel preparation in CT colonography: Is diet restriction necessary? A randomised trial (DIET-SAN). Eur Radiol. 2018 Jan; 28(1): 382-9. DOI: 10.1007/s00330-017-4997-3

17. Meshcheryakov A.I., Gurova N.YU., Burkov S.G., Pugacheva O.G., Balashov A.V., Zolina A.S. Comparison of computed tomographic colonography (virtual colonoscopy) efficacy in detecting colorectal lesions using two schemes of preparation: with fecal tagging and without it. Annaly khirurgii (Russian Journal of Surgery). 2018; 23(1): 33-41 (In Russ.).

18. Lejsle A.K., Zava-dovskaya V.D., Ushakov A.V., Moshneguc S.V. Fecal marking with the use of barium contrast medium as an optimization method of patients’ preparation for the virtual colonoscopy. Luchevaya diagnostika i terapiya (Diagnostic radiology and radiotherapy). 2016; 4(7): 57-65 (In Russ).

19. Kim B., Park S.H., Hong G.S., Lee J.H., Lee J.S., Kim H.J. et al. lohexol versus diatrizoate for fecal/fluid tagging during CT colonography performed with cathartic preparation: comparison of examination quality. Eur Radiol. 2015 Jun; 25(6): 1561-9. DOI: 10.1007/s00330-014-3568-0

20. Homutova E.Yu., Ignat’ev Yu.T., Filippova Yu.G., Skripkin D.A. The accuracy of virtual colonoscopy (VC) in detecting of colorectal cancer and polyps. Medicin-skaya vizualizaciya (Medical Visualization). 2009; 1: 67- 75 (In Russ.).

21. Zalis M.E., Hahn P.F. Digital subtraction bowel cleansing in CT colonography. Am J Roentgenol. 2002; 176: 646-8.

22. Kealey S.M., Dodd J.D., MacEneaney P.M., Gibney R.G., Malone D.E. Minimal preparation computed tomography instead of barium enema/colonoscopy for suspected colon cancer in frail elderly patients: an outcome analysis study. Clin Radiol. 2004 Jan; 59(1): 44-52.

23. Romdhane H., Marzouk I., Mzoughi Z., Cheikh M. et al. Value of water enema computed tomography in elderly symptomatic patients. Arab J Gastroenterol. 2017 Dec;18(4): 235-7. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajg.2017.11.006

24. Fletcher J.G., Silva A.C., Fidler J.L., Cernigliaro J.G., Manduca A. et al. Noncathartic CT colonography: Image quality assessment and performance and in a screening cohort. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2013 Oct; 201(4): 787-94. DOI: 10.2214/AJR.12.9225

25. Meiklejohn D.J., Ridley L.J., Ngu M.C., Cowlishaw J.L., Duller A., Ridley W. Utility of minimal preparation ct colonography in detecting colorectal cancer in elderly and frail patients. Intern Med J. 2018 Jun 11. DOI: 10.1111/imj.13999

26. Zalis M.E., Blake M.A., Cai W., Hahn P.F., Halpern E.F. et al. Diagnostic accuracy of laxative-free computed tomographic colonography for detection of adenomatous polyps in asymptomatic adults: a prospective evaluation. Ann Intern Med. 2012 May 15; 156(10): 692-702. DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-156-10-201205150-00005

27. Ginnerup Pedersen B., M0ller Christiansen T.E., Vi-borg Mortensen F., Christensen H., Laurberg S. Bowel cleansing methods prior to CT colonography. Acta Radiol. 2002 May; 43(3): 306-11.

28. Forbes G.M., Edwards J.T., Foster N.M., Wood C.J., Mendelson R.M. Randomized single blind trial of two low-volume bowel preparations for screening computed tomographic colonography. Abdom Imaging. 2005 Jan-Feb; 30(1): 48-52.

29. Dachman A.H., Dawson D.O., Lefere P., Yoshida H., Khan N.U., Cipriani N., Rubin D.T. Comparison of routine and unprepped CT colonography augmented by low fiber diet and stool tagging: a pilot study. Abdom Imaging. 2007 Jan-Feb; 32(1): 96-104.

30. Kim D.H., Pickhardt P.J., Hinshaw J.L., Taylor A.J., Muk-herjee R., Pfau P.R. Prospective blinded trial comparing 45-mL and 90-mL doses of oral sodium phosphate for bowel preparation before computed tomographic colonography. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2007 Jan-Feb; 31(1): 53-8.

31. Yoon S.H., Kim S.H., Kim S.G., Kim S.J. et al. Comparison study of different bowel preparation regimens and different fecal-tagging agents on tagging efficacy, patients’ compliance, and diagnostic performance of computed tomographic colonography: preliminary study. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2009 Sep-Oct; 33(5): 657-65. DOI: 10.1097/RCT.0b013e3181926570

32. Nagata K., Okawa T., Honma A., Endo S., Kudo S.E., Yoshida H. Full-laxative versus minimum-laxative fecal-tagging CT colonography using 64-detector row CT: prospective blinded comparison of diagnostic performance, tagging quality, and patient acceptance. Acad Radiol. 2009 Jul; 16(7): 780-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2008.12.027

33. Campanella D., Morra L., Delsanto S. et al. Comparison of three different iodine-based bowel regimens for CT colonography. Eur Radiol. 2010 Feb; 20(2): 348-58. DOI: 10.1007/s00330-009-1553-9

34. Hara A.K., Kuo M.D., Blevins M., Chen M.H. et al. National CT colonography trial (ACRIN 6664): comparison of three full-laxative bowel preparations in more than 2500 average-risk patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2011 May; 196(5): 1076-82. DOI: 10.2214/AJR.10.4334

35. Faccioli N., Foti G., Barillari M., Zaccarella A., Camera L. et al. A simplified approach to virtual colonoscopy using different intestinal preparations: preliminary experience with regard to quality, accuracy and patient acceptability. Radiol Med. 2011 Aug; 116(5): 749-58. DOI: 10.1007/s11547-011-0661-1

36. Keedy A.W., Yee J., Aslam R., Weinstein S., Landeras L.A. et al. Reduced cathartic bowel preparation for CT colonography: prospective comparison of 2-L polyethylene glycol and magnesium citrate. Radiology. 2011 Oct; 261(1): 156-64. DOI: 10.1148/radiol.11110217

37. Chen Z.Y., Shen H.S., Luo M.Y., Duan C.J. et al. Pilot study on efficacy of reduced cathartic bowel preparation with polyethylene glycol and bisacodyl. World J Gastroenterol. 2013 Jan 28; 19(4): 561-8. DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v19.i4.561

38. Sali L., Mascalchi M., Falchini M., Ventura L. et al. Reduced and Full-Preparation CT Colonography, Fecal Immunochemical Test, and Colonoscopy for Population Screening of Colorectal Cancer: A Randomized Trial. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2015 Dec 30; 108(2). PII: djv319. DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djv319

39. Bannas P., Bakke J., Patrick J.L., Pickhardt P.J. Automated volumetric analysis for comparison of oral sulfate solution (SUPREP) with established cathartic agents at CT colonography. Abdom Imaging. 2015 Jan; 40(1): 11-8. DOI: 10.1007/s00261-014-0186-x

40. lafrate F., lannitti M., CioLina M., Baldassari P., Pichi A., Laghi A. Bowel cleansing before CT colonography: comparison between two minimal-preparation regimens. Eur Radiol. 2015 Jan; 25(1): 203-10. DOI: 10.1007/s00330-014-3345-0

41. Nagata K., Endo S., Honda T., Yasuda T., Hirayama M., Takahashi S. et al. Accuracy of CT Colonography for Detection of Polypoid and Nonpolypoid Neoplasia by Gastroenterologists and Radiologists: A Nationwide Multicenter Study in Japan. Am J Gastroenterol. 2017 Jan; 112(1): 163-71. DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2016.478

42. Sali L., Ventura L., Grazzini G., Borgheresi A. et al. Patients’ experience of screening CT colonography with reduced and full bowel preparation in a randomised trial. Eur Radiol. 2018 Nov 6. DOI: 10.1007/s00330-018-5808-1

43. Taylor S.A., Avni F., Cronin C.G., Hoeffel C. et al. The first joint ESGAR/ESPR consensus statement on the technical performance of cross-sectional small bowel and colonic imaging. Eur Radiol. 2017 Jun; 27(6): 257082. DOI: 10.1007/s00330-016-4615-9

44. Homu-tova E.Yu., Ignat’ev Yu.T., Skripkin D.A., Filippova Yu.G. Technique of virtual colonoscopy. Radiologiya - praktika (Radiology - Practice). 2009; 2: 21-7 (In Russ.).

45. Homu-tova E.Yu., Ignat’ev Yu.T., Filippova Yu.G., Skripkin D.A. Computer-aided detection during virtual colonoscopy. Medicinskaya vizualizaciya (Medical Visualization). 2010; 1: 111-6 (In Russ.).

46. Homutova E.Yu. Virtual colonoscopy in physician practice. Byulleten’ Sibirskogo otdeleniya Rossijskoj akademii medicinskih nauk (Siberian Scientific Medical Journal). 2011; 31(6): 74- 80 (In Russ.).

47. Shelygin Yu.A., Zarodnyuk I.V., Tihonov A.A., Veselov V.V., Markova E.V. Virtual colonoscopy for colorectal cancer and familial adenomatous polyposis. Medicinskaya vizualizaciya (Medical Visualization). 2011; 5: 41-7 (In Russ.).

48. Morozov S.P., Nasnikova I.Yu., Zvezdkina E.A., Po-spelov I.V. Current recommendations for implementation of computer colonography (virtual colonoscopy). Luchevaya diagnostika i terapiya (Diagnostic radiology and radiotherapy). 2011; 2(2): 92-6 (In Russ.).

49. Tarasenko T.D., Zubarev A.R. Possibilities of multyspiral computer tomographic colonography (virtual colonoscopy) in diagnostics of colon tumor. Vestnik Rossijskogo gosudarstvennogo medicinskogo universiteta (Bulletin of RSMU). 2009; 1: 52-6 (In Russ.).

50. Yaickij N.A., Amosov V.I., Speranskaya A.A., Sednev A.V., Orlov V.N., Vasil’eva M.A. Potentialities of multispiral computed tomography in the diagnostics of pathological alterations of the colon. Vestnik khirurgii imeni I.I. Grekova (Grekov’s Bulletin of Surgery). 2007; 166(5): 48-56 (In Russ.).

51. Primak N.V., Grishkov S.M., Callagova Z.S., Kotlyarov P.M., Solodkij V.A. MSCT colonography in diagnostics of cancer and colon polyps. Vestnik Rossijskogo nauchnogo centra rentgenoradiologii Minzdrava Rossii (Vestnik of the Russian Scientific Center of Roentgenoradiology of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation). 2012; 12(4): 5 (In Russ.).

52. Zarodnyuk I.V., Tihonov A.A., Kuz’minov A.M., Veselov V.V., Markova E.V. Virtual colonoscopy for familial adenomatous polyposis - preliminary report. Koloproktologiya (Coloproctology). 2014; 2(48): 15-9 (In Russ.).

53. Homutova E.Yu., Ignat’ev Yu.T. Multispiral CT colonoscopy in diagnostics of large bowel diseases. Medicinskaya vizualizaciya (Medical Visualization). 2008; 6: 73-82 (In Russ.).

54. Dubrova S.E., Stashuk G.A. The potential of radiologic procedures in the diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease. Al’manah klinicheskoj mediciny (Almanac of Clinical Medicine). 2016; 44(6): 757-69 (In Russ.).

55. Rubcova N.A., Puzakov K.B. Role of magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of rectal cancer, the planning of and evaluation of the efficiency of its treatment. Rossijskij onkologicheskij zhurnal (Russian Journal of Oncology). 2012; 3: 42-50 (In Russ.).

56. Van der Paardt M.P., Stoker J. Magnetic resonance colonography for screening and diagnosis of colorectal cancer. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 2014 Feb; 22(1): 67-83. DOI: 10.1016/j.mric.2013.07.006

57. Luboldt W., Steiner P., Bauerfeind P. et al. Detection with of mass lesions colonography: preliminary report. Radiology. 1998; 207: 59-65.

58. Pappalardo G., Polettini E., Frattaroli F.M. et al. Magnetic resonance colonography versus conventional colonoscopy for the detection of colonic endoluminal lesions. Gastroenterology. 2000; 119(2): 300-4.

59. Lauenstein T.C., Herborn C.U., Vogt F.M. et al. Dark lumen MR-colonography: initial experience. Rofo. 2001; 173(9): 785-9.

60. Lauenstein T., Holtmann G., Schoenfelder D. et al. MR colonography without colonic cleansing: a new strategy to improve patient acceptance. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2001; 177: 823-7.

61. Morrin M.M., Hochman M.G., Farrell R.J. et al. MR colonography using colonic distention with air as the contrast material: work in progress. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2001; 176(1): 144-6.

62. Lomas D.J., Sood R.R., Graves M.J. et al. Colon carcinoma: MR imaging with CO2 enema - pilot study. Radiology. 2001; 219(2): 558-62.

63. Lauenstein T.C., Debatin J.F. Magnetic resonance colonography with fecal tagging: an innovative approach without bowel cleansing. Top Magn Reson Imaging. 2002 Dec; 13(6): 435-44.

64. Ajaj W. Dark lumen magnetic resonance colonography: comparison with conventional colonoscopy for the detection of colorectal pathology. Gut. 2003; 52(12): 1738-43.

65. Ajaj W., Lauenstein T.C., Pelster G. et al. MR colonography: how does air compare to water for colonic distention? J Magn Reson Imaging. 2004; 19(2): 216-21.

66. Lam W.W., Leung W.K., Wu J.K.L. et al. Screening of colonic tumors by air-inflated magnetic resonance (MR) colonography. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2004; 19(4): 447-52.

67. Leung W.K., Lam W.W., Wu J.C. et al. Magnetic resonance colonography in the detection of colonic neoplasm in high-risk and average-risk individuals. Am J Gastroenterol. 2004; 99(1): 102-8.

68. Ajaj W., Lauenstein T.C., Pelster G. et al. MR colonography in patients with incomplete conventional colonoscopy. Radiology. 2005; 234(9): 452-9.

69. Goehde S.C., Descher E., Boekstegers A. et al. Dark lumen MR colonography based on fecal tagging for detection of colorectal masses: accuracy and patient acceptance. Abdom Imaging. 2005; 30(5): 576-83.

70. Hartmann D., Bassler B., Schilling D. et al. Incomplete conventional colonoscopy: magnetic resonance colonography in the evaluation of the proximal colon. Endoscopy. 2005; 37(9): 816-20.

71. Hartmann D., Bassler B., Schilling D. et al. Colorectal polyps: detection with dark lumen MRC versus conventional colonoscopy. Radiology. 2006; 238(1): 143-9.

72. Florie J., van Gelder R.E., Haberkorn B., Birnie E., Lavini C., Reitsma J.B., Stoker J. Magnetic resonance colonography with limited bowel preparation: a comparison of three strategies. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2007 Apr; 25(4): 766-74.

73. Kuehle C.A., Langhorst J., Ladd S.C. et al. Magnetic resonance colonography without bowel cleansing: a prospective cross sectional study in a screening population. Gut. 2007; 56(8): 1079-85.

74. Saar B., Meining A., Beer A. et al. Prospective study on bright lumen magnetic resonance colonography in comparison with conventional colonoscopy. Br J Rheumatol. 2007; 80(952): 235-41.

75. Saar B., Gschossmann J.M., Bonel H.M. et al. Evaluation of magnetic resonance colonography at 3.0 Tesla regarding diagnostic accuracy and image quality. Invest Radiol. 2008; 43(8): 580-6.

76. Rodriguez Gomez S., Page's Llinas M., Castells Ga-rangou A. et al. Dark-lumen MR colonography with fecal tagging: a comparison of water enema and air methods of colonic distension for detecting colonic neoplasms. Eur Radiol. 2008; 18(7): 1396-405.

77. Achiam M.P., L0gager V.B., Chabanova E. et al. Diagnostic accuracy of MR colonography with fecal tagging. Abdom Imaging. 2009; 34(4): 483-90.

78. Achiam M.P., Holst Anderson L.P., Klein M. et al. Preoperative evaluation of synchronous colorectal cancer using MR colonography. Acad Radiol. 2009; 16(7): 790-7.

79. Bakir B., Acunas B., Bugra D. et al. MR colonography after oral administration of polyethylene glycolelectro-lyte solution. Radiology. 2009; 251(3): 901-9.

80. Keeling A.N., Morrin M.M., McKenzie C. et al. Intravenous, contrast-enhanced MR colonography using air as endoluminal contrast agent: impact on colorectal polyp detection. Eur J Radiol. 2010; 81: 31-8.

81. Sambrook A., Mcateer D., Yule S. et al. MR colonography without bowel cleansing or water enema: a pilot study. Br J Radiol. 2012; 85(1015): 921-4.

82. Graser A., Melzer A., Lindner E., Nagel D., Herrmann K., Stieber P., Schirra J., Mansmann U., Reiser M.F., Goke B., Kolligs F.T. Magnetic resonance colonography for the detection of colorectal neoplasia in asymptomatic adults. Gastroenterology. 2013 Apr; 144(4): 743-50.e2. DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2012.12.041

83. Acay M.B., Bayramoglu S., Acay A. The sensitivity of MR colonography using dark lumen technique for detection of colonic lesions. Turk J Gastroenterol. 2014 Jun; 25(3): 271-8. DOI: 10.5152/tjg.2014.4850

84. Van der Paardt M.P., Boellaard T.N., Zijta F.M. et al. Magnetic resonance colonography with a limited bowel preparation and automated carbon dioxide insufflation in comparison to conventional colonoscopy: patient burden and preferences. Eur J Radiol. 2015 Jan; 84(1): 19-25. DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2014.10.006

85. Achiam M.P., L0gager V., Lund Rasmussen V., Okholm C., MoUerup T., Thomsen H.S., Rosenberg J. Perioperative Colonic Evaluation in Patients with Rectal Cancer; MR Colonography Versus Standard Care. Acad Radiol. 2015 Dec; 22(12):1 522-8. DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2015.08.019

86. Boraschi P., Donati F. MR colonography with a fecal tagging technique and water-based enema for the assessment of inflammatory bowel disease. Jpn J Radiol. 2016 Aug; 34(8): 585-94. DOI: 10.1007/s11604-016-0552-4

87. Oussalah A., Laurent V., Bruot O., Bressenot A., Bigard M.A., Regent D., Peyrin-Biroulet L. Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance without bowel preparation for detecting colonic inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease. Gut. 2010 Aug; 59(8): 105665. DOI: 10.1136/gut.2009.197665

88. Zijta F.M., Nederveen A.J., Jensch S. et al. Feasibility of using automated insufflated carbon dioxide (CO(2)) for luminal distension in 3.0T MR colonography. Eur J Radiol. 2013; 81(6): 1128-33.

89. Bazot M., Bharwani N., Huchon C., Kinkel K. et al. European society of urogenital radiology (ESUR) guidelines: MR imaging of pelvic endometriosis. Eur Radiol. 2017 Jul; 27(7): 2765-75. DOI: 10.1007/s00330-016-4673-z

90. Kinkel K., Forstner R., Danza F.M., Oleaga L. et al. Staging of endometrial cancer with MRI: guidelines of the European Society of Urogenital Imaging. Eur Radiol. 2009 Jul; 19(7): 1565-74. DOI: 10.1007/s00330-009-1309-6

91. Nougaret S., Horta M., Sala E., Lakhman Y., Thomassin-Naggara I. et al. Endometrial Cancer MRI staging: Updated Guidelines of the European Society of Urogenital Radiology. Eur Radiol. 2018 Jul 11. DOI: 10.1007/s00330-018-5515-y

92. Kubik-Huch R.A., Weston M., Nougaret S., Leonhardt H., Thomassin-Naggara I. et al. European Society of Urogenital Radiology (ESUR) Guidelines: MR Imaging of Leiomyomas. Eur Radiol. 2018 Aug; 28(8): 3125-37. DOI: 10.1007/s00330-017-5157-5

93. Forstner R., Sala E., Kinkel K., Spencer J.A. ESUR guidelines: ovarian cancer staging and follow-up. Eur Radiol. 2010 Dec; 20(12): 2773-80. DOI: 10.1007/s00330-010-1886-4

94. Limberg B. Diagnosis and staging of colonic tumors by conventional abdominal sonography as compared with hydrocolonic sonography. N Engl J Med. 1992 Jul 9; 327(2): 65-9.

95. Siripongsakun S., Charoenvisal L., Pantongrag-Brown L. et al. Hydrocolonic sonography: a complete colorectal evaluation technique with preliminary results. J Clin Ultrasound. 2013 Sep; 41(7): 402-7. DOI: 10.1002/jcu.22060

96. Fan X.P., Zhu O., Zhou Y.J., Ma T., Xia C.X., Huang H.L. Comparative Study of Three Regimens of Bowel Preparation Before Transabdominal Ultrasonography of the Colon. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2016 Sep; 42(9): 2140-5. DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2016.04.005

97. Liu J.Y., Chen L.D., Cai H.S., Liang J.Y. et al. Ultrasound virtual endoscopy: Polyp detection and reliability of measurement in an in vitro study with pig intestine specimens. World J Gastroenterol. 2016 Mar 28; 22(12): 3355-62. DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i12.3355

98. Liu J.Y., Chen L.D., Xu J.B., Wu H. et al. Transabdominal Ultrasound Colonography for Detection of Colorectal Neoplasms: Initial Clinical Experience. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2017 Oct; 43(10): 2174 -81. DOI: 10.1016/j.ultras-medbio.2017.05.020

99. Kuzmich S., Harvey C.J., Kuzmich T., Tan K.L. Ultrasound detection of colonic polyps: perspective. Br J Radiol. 2012 Nov; 85(1019): e1155-64. DOI: 10.1259/bjr/60593124

100. Emel’yanov D.N., Myazin R.G., Gushul A.V., Stacen-ko I.Yu., Sviridenko O.Yu. Pharmacological bowel preparation for diagnostic studies. Lekarstvennyj vestnik (Medicinal Herald). 2017; 11(2): 33-9 (In Russ.).

101. Mundinger A., Dengel H., Leibersperger H. A comparative study of methods of preparing the colon for a double-contrast study: Prepacol versus ricinus capsules with a cleansing enema. Radiologe. 1990 Jan; 30(1): 34-8.

102. Strates B.S., Hofmann L.M. A randomized study of two preparations for large bowel radiology. Pharmathera-peutica. 1987; 5(1): 57-61.

103. Jensen P.R., Hasselbalch H., Martens S. Cleansing of the colon for roentgen studies. Ugeskr Laeger. 1987 Oct 26; 149(44): 2979-80.

104. Buhl J., Jacobsen L. Evacuation of colon before X-ray investigation. Bisacodyl tablets and enema fluid (Dulco-lax tube set) versus castor oil and Klyx enema. Ugeskr Laeger. 1980 Mar 31; 142(14): 877-8.

105. O’Donovan A.N., Somers S., Farrow R., Mernagh J., Rawlinson J., Stevenson G.W. A prospective blinded randomized trial comparing oral sodium phosphate and polyethylene glycol solutions for bowel preparation prior to barium enema. Clin Radiol. 1997 Oct; 52(10): 791-3.

106. Apisarnthanarak P., Rotjanaaree B., Komoltri C. et al. Prospective, randomized comparison of castor oil and sodium phosphate preparation for barium enema. J Med Assoc Thai. 2009 Feb; 92(2): 243-9.

107. Bartram C.I. Bowel preparation - principles and practice. Clin Radiol. 1994 Jun; 49(6): 365-7.

108. Toledo T.K., DiPalma J.A. Review article: colon cleansing preparation for gastrointestinal procedures. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2001 May; 15(5): 605-11.

109. Korolyuk I.P., Lindenbraten L.D. Radiology: Handbook. M.: Izd-vo BINOM. 2013; 496 (In Russ.).

110. Chakraverty S., Hughes T., Keir M.J., Hall J.R., Rawlinson J. Preparation of the colon for double-contrast barium enema: comparison of Picolax, Picolax with cleansing enema and Citramag (2 sachets) - a randomized prospective trial. Clin Radiol. 1994 Aug; 49(8): 566-9.

111. Lai A.K., Kwok P.C., Man S.W., Lau R.S., Chan S.C. A blinded clinical trial comparing conventional cleansing enema, Pico-salax and Golytely for barium enema bowel preparation. Clin Radiol. 1996 Aug; 51(8): 566-9.

112. Bradley A.J., Taylor P.M. Does bowel preparation improve the quality of intravenous urography? Br J Radiol. 1996 Oct; 69(826): 906-9.

113. Dadkhah F., Safarinejad M.R., Amini E., Soleimani M., Lashay A.R. Is bowel preparation necessary before kidney-ureter-bladder radiography and intravenous urography? Urol J. 2012 Summer; 9(3): 600-5.

114. George C.D., Vinnicombe S.J., Balkissoon A.R., Heron C.W. Bowel preparation before intravenous urography: is it necessary? Br J Radiol. 1993 Jan; 66(781): 17-9.

115. Guo H., Huang Y., Xi Z., Song Y., Guo Y., Na Y. Is bowel preparation before excretory urography necessary? A prospective, randomized, controlled trial. J Urol. 2006 Feb; 175(2): 665-8; discussion 669.

116. Jansson M., Geijer H., Andersson T. Bowel preparation for excretory urography is not necessary: a randomized trial. Br J Radiol. 2007 Aug; 80(956): 617-24.

117. Subramonian K., McNaught J., Spencer N., Harrison S.C. Is bowel preparation useful before radiography of the renal tract in patients with spinal cord injury? BJU Int. 2000 Feb; 85(3): 224-6.

118. Thorstensen O., Davidsdottir S., Sigurjonsson K., Arna-dottir E., Hallgrimsson P. Double blinded prospective study of usefulness of bowel preparation on outpatients before intravenous urography. Laeknabladid. 1998 Nov; 84(11): 829-32.

119. Yang H.C., Sheu M.H., Wang J.H., Chang C.Y. Bowel preparation of outpatients for intravenous urography: efficacy of castor oil versus bisacodyl. Kaohsiung J Med Sci. 2005 Apr; 21(4): 153-8.

120. Chalazonitis A., Tzovara I., Laspas F., Porfyridis P. et al. Hysterosalpingography: technique and applications. Curr Probl Diagn Radiol. 2009 Sep-Oct; 38(5): 199-205. DOI: 10.1067/j.cpradiol.2008.02.003

121. Simpson W.L.Jr., Beitia L.G., Mester J. Hysterosalpingo-graphy: a reemerging study. Radiographics. 2006 Mar-Apr; 26(2): 419-31.

122. Takayanagi D., Utano K., Isohata N., Aizawa M. et al. Super-Reduced-Laxative Volume for CT Colonography Using MoviprepTM: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Gastroenterology. 2017; 152(5): S81. DOI: 10.1016/s0016-5085(17)30618-2