rentradВестник рентгенологии и радиологииJournal of radiology and nuclear medicine0042-46762619-0478Limited Liability Company "LUCHEVAYA DIAGNOSTIKA", Russian Association of Radiologists10.20862/0042-4676-2021-102-2-134-142rentrad-633Research ArticleОБЗОРЫREVIEWSСовременное представление о корреляции сосудистых кальцинатов молочной железы с кальцинатами в коронарных артерияхThe Present View of the Correlation of Breast Vascular Calcifications with Coronary Artery Calcificationshttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-7757-6273БаженоваД. А.BazhenovaD. A.

 аспирант кафедры лучевой диагностики и терапии факультета фундаментальной медицины, врач-рентгенолог отделения рентгенодиагностики с кабинетами компьютерной и магнитно-резонансной томографии

 Ломоносовский пр-т, 27, корп. 10, Москва, 119192, Российская Федерация 

 Postgrsduate, Chair of Radiation Diagnostics and Therapy, Faculty of Fundamental Medicine; Radiologist, X-Ray Diagnostics Department with Computer and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Rooms 

 Lomonosovskiy prospect, 27, corp. 10, Moscow, 119192, Russia 

bazhenova.darya@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-1182-1002ПучковаО. С.PuchkovaO. S.

 врач-рентгенолог отделения рентгенодиагностики с  кабинетами компьютерной и магнитно-резонансной  томографии

 Ломоносовский пр-т, 27, корп. 10, Москва, 119192, Российская Федерация 

 Radiologist, X-Ray Diagnostics Department with Computer and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Rooms 

 Lomonosovskiy prospect, 27, corp. 10, Moscow, 119192, Russia 

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1266-4926МершинаЕ. А.MershinaE. A.

 доцент кафедры лучевой диагностики и терапии факультета фундаментальной медицины, заведующая отделением рентгенодиагностики с кабинетами компьютерной и  магнитно-резонансной томографии

 Ломоносовский пр-т, 27, корп. 10, Москва, 119192, Российская Федерация 

 Associate Professor, Chair of Radiation Diagnostics and Therapy, Faculty of Fundamental Medicine; Head of X-Ray Diagnostics Department with Computer and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Rooms 

 Lomonosovskiy prospect, 27, corp. 10, Moscow, 119192, Russia 

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5649-2193СиницынВ. Е.SinitsynV. E.

 д. м. н., профессор, заведующий кафедрой лучевой диагностики и терапии факультета фундаментальной медицины, заведующий отделом лучевой диагностики

 Ломоносовский пр-т, 27, корп. 10, Москва, 119192, Российская Федерация 

 Dr. Med. Sc., Professor, Chief of Chair of Radiation Diagnostics and Therapy, Faculty of Fundamental Medicine; Head of the Department of Radiation Diagnostics 

 Lomonosovskiy prospect, 27, corp. 10, Moscow, 119192, Russia 

Медицинский научно-образовательный центр ФГБОУ ВО «Московский государственный университет им. М.В. Ломоносова»РоссияMedical Research and Educational Center, Lomonosov Moscow State UniversityRussian Federation2021090620211022134142Copyright © Баженова Д.А., Пучкова О.С., Мершина Е.А., Синицын В.Е., 20212021Баженова Д.А., Пучкова О.С., Мершина Е.А., Синицын В.Е.Bazhenova D.A., Puchkova O.S., Mershina E.A., Sinitsyn V.E.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.russianradiology.ru/jour/article/view/633

 Сосудистые кальцинаты молочной железы являются проявлением кальциноза медиальной оболочки стенок артерий. Данный тип кальцинатов хорошо визуализируется на маммограммах. Маммография представляет собой широко распространенный и доступный метод скрининга рака молочной железы. Опубликованные в последние годы исследования демонстрируют взаимосвязь наличия сосудистых кальцинатов в молочной железе с факторами риска сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний, ишемической болезнью сердца. Выявление корреляции сосудистых  кальцинатов в молочной железе с кальцинозом коронарных артерий позволит улучшить стратификацию риска  сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний в группе женщин с бессимптомным течением. 

 Breast vascular calcifications are a manifestation of calcinosis of the medial layer of the artery walls. This type of calcifications is well visualized on mammograms. Mammography is a widespread and affordable screening test for breast cancer. The studies published in recent years demonstrate a relationship of breast vascular calcifications to cardiovascular risk factors, coronary heart disease. Identification of the correlation of breast vascular calcifications with coronary artery calcifications will be able to improve cardiovascular risk stratification in the group of women with an asymptomatic course. 

маммографияскрининг рака молочной железысосудистые кальцинаты молочной железыкомпьютерная томографияатеросклероз коронарных артерийсердечно-сосудистые заболеванияобзорhydrocephalusendoscopic third ventriculostomyventriculoperitoneal shuntmagnetic resonance imagingphase-contrast magnetic resonance imagingreviewReferencesHendriks EJ, Beulens JW, Mali WP, et al. Breast arterial calcifications and their association with incident cardiovascular disease and diabetes: the prospect-EPIC cohort. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015; 65(8): 859–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2014.12.015.Hendriks EJ, Beulens JW, Mali WP, et al. Breast arterial calcifications and their association with incident cardiovascular disease and diabetes: the prospect-EPIC cohort. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015; 65(8): 859–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2014.12.015.Shah N, Chainani V, Delafontaine P, et al. Mammographically detectable breast arterial calcification and atherosclerosis. Cardiol Rev. 2014; 22(2): 69–78. https://doi.org/10.1097/CRD.0b013e318295e029.Shah N, Chainani V, Delafontaine P, et al. Mammographically detectable breast arterial calcification and atherosclerosis. Cardiol Rev. 2014; 22(2): 69–78. https://doi.org/10.1097/CRD.0b013e318295e029.D’Orsi CJ. ACR BI-RADS atlas: breast imaging reporting and data system; mammography, ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging, follow-up and outcome monitoring, data dictionary. ACR, Ameri; 2013.D’Orsi CJ. ACR BI-RADS atlas: breast imaging reporting and data system; mammography, ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging, follow-up and outcome monitoring, data dictionary. ACR, Ameri; 2013.World Health Organization. Breast cancer. Available at: https://www.who.int/cancer/prevention/diagnosis-screening/breast-cancer/en/ (accessed April 15, 2021).World Health Organization. Breast cancer. Available at: https://www.who.int/cancer/prevention/diagnosis-screening/breast-cancer/en/ (accessed April 15, 2021).Nelson HD, Cantor A, Humphrey L, et al. Evidence synthesis number 124 screening for breast cancer: a systematic review to update the 2009 U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26889531/ (accessed April 15, 2021).Nelson HD, Cantor A, Humphrey L, et al. Evidence synthesis number 124 screening for breast cancer: a systematic review to update the 2009 U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation. Available at: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26889531/ (accessed April 15, 2021).Hendriks EJE, De Jong PA, van der Graaf Y, et al. Breast arterial calcifications: a systematic review and meta-analysis of their determinants and their association with cardiovascular events. Atherosclerosis. 2015; 239(1): 11–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.12.035.Hendriks EJE, De Jong PA, van der Graaf Y, et al. Breast arterial calcifications: a systematic review and meta-analysis of their determinants and their association with cardiovascular events. Atherosclerosis. 2015; 239(1): 11–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.12.035.Margolies L, Salvatore M, Hecht HS, et al. Digital mammography and screening for coronary artery disease. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2016; 9(4): 350–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmg.2015.10.022.Margolies L, Salvatore M, Hecht HS, et al. Digital mammography and screening for coronary artery disease. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2016; 9(4): 350–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmg.2015.10.022.Iribarren C, Molloi S. Breast arterial calcification: a new marker of cardiovascular risk? Curr Cardiovasc Risk Rep. 2013; 7: 126–35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12170-013-0290-4.Iribarren C, Molloi S. Breast arterial calcification: a new marker of cardiovascular risk? Curr Cardiovasc Risk Rep. 2013; 7: 126–35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12170-013-0290-4.Zuin M, Rigatelli G, Scaranello F, et al. Breast arterial calcifications on mammography and coronary artery disease: a new screening tool for cardiovascular disease? Int J Cardiol. 2016; 220: 310–1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.06.266.Zuin M, Rigatelli G, Scaranello F, et al. Breast arterial calcifications on mammography and coronary artery disease: a new screening tool for cardiovascular disease? Int J Cardiol. 2016; 220: 310–1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.06.266.Kelly BS, Scanlon E, Heneghan H, et al. Breast arterial calcification on screening mammography can predict significant coronary artery disease in women. Clin Imaging. 2018; 49: 48–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinimag.2017.10.021.Kelly BS, Scanlon E, Heneghan H, et al. Breast arterial calcification on screening mammography can predict significant coronary artery disease in women. Clin Imaging. 2018; 49: 48–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinimag.2017.10.021.Reddy J, Bilezikian JP, Smith SJ, Mosca L. Reduced bone mineral density is associated with breast arterial calcification. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008; 93(1): 208–11. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2007-0693.Reddy J, Bilezikian JP, Smith SJ, Mosca L. Reduced bone mineral density is associated with breast arterial calcification. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008; 93(1): 208–11. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2007-0693.Lomashvili KA, Wang X, Wallin R, O’Neill C. Matrix Gla protein metabolism in vascular smooth muscle and role in uremic vascular calcification. J Biol Chem. 2011; 286(33): 28715–22. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M111.251462.Lomashvili KA, Wang X, Wallin R, O’Neill C. Matrix Gla protein metabolism in vascular smooth muscle and role in uremic vascular calcification. J Biol Chem. 2011; 286(33): 28715–22. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M111.251462.Tantisattamo E, Han KH, Charles O’Neill W. Increased vascular calcification in patients receiving warfarin. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2015; 35(1): 237–42. https://doi.org/10.1161/ATVBAHA.114.304392.Tantisattamo E, Han KH, Charles O’Neill W. Increased vascular calcification in patients receiving warfarin. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2015; 35(1): 237–42. https://doi.org/10.1161/ATVBAHA.114.304392.Han KH, O’Neill WC. Increased peripheral arterial calcification in patients receiving warfarin. J Am Heart Assoc. 2016; 5(1): e002665. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.115.002665.Han KH, O’Neill WC. Increased peripheral arterial calcification in patients receiving warfarin. J Am Heart Assoc. 2016; 5(1): e002665. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.115.002665.Kassebaum NJ, Arora M, Barber RM, et al. Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 315 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE), 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet. 2016; 388(10053): 1603–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31460-X.Kassebaum NJ, Arora M, Barber RM, et al. Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 315 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE), 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet. 2016; 388(10053): 1603–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31460-X.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Women and Heart Disease Fact Sheet. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/heartdisease/women.htm (accessed April 15, 2021).Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Women and Heart Disease Fact Sheet. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/heartdisease/women.htm (accessed April 15, 2021).World Health Organization. Global Health Estimates 2018: Disease burden by Cause, Sex, by Country and Region, 2000–2016. Available at: https://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/estimates/en/ (accessed April 15, 2021).World Health Organization. Global Health Estimates 2018: Disease burden by Cause, Sex, by Country and Region, 2000–2016. Available at: https://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/estimates/en/ (accessed April 15, 2021).American Heart Association. Go Red for Women. Available at: https://www.goredforwomen.org/ (accessed April 15, 2021).American Heart Association. Go Red for Women. Available at: https://www.goredforwomen.org/ (accessed April 15, 2021).McDonnell LA, Pipe AL, Westcott C, et al. Perceived vs actual knowledge and risk of heart disease in women: findings from a Canadian survey on heart health awareness, attitudes, and lifestyle. Can J Cardiol. 2014; 30(7): 827–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjca.2014.05.007.McDonnell LA, Pipe AL, Westcott C, et al. Perceived vs actual knowledge and risk of heart disease in women: findings from a Canadian survey on heart health awareness, attitudes, and lifestyle. Can J Cardiol. 2014; 30(7): 827–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjca.2014.05.007.Кардиоваскулярная профилактика 2017. Российские национальные рекомендации. Российский кардиологический журнал. 2018; 6: 7–122. https://doi.org/10.15829/1560-4071-2018-6-7-122.Cardiovascular prevention 2017. National guidelines. Russian Journal of Cardiology. 2018; 6: 7–122 (in Russ.). https://doi.org/10.15829/1560-4071-2018-6-7-122.Peters SA, Bakker M, Den Ruijter HM, Bots ML. Added value of CAC in risk stratification for cardiovascular events: a systematic review. Eur J Clin Invest. 2012; 42 (1): 110–6. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2362.2011.02555.x.Peters SA, Bakker M, Den Ruijter HM, Bots ML. Added value of CAC in risk stratification for cardiovascular events: a systematic review. Eur J Clin Invest. 2012; 42 (1): 110–6. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2362.2011.02555.x.Kim J, Budoff MJ, Nasir K, et al. Thoracic aortic calcium, cardiovascular disease events, and all-cause mortality in asymptomatic individuals with zero coronary calcium: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Atherosclerosis. 2017; 257: 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.12.012.Kim J, Budoff MJ, Nasir K, et al. Thoracic aortic calcium, cardiovascular disease events, and all-cause mortality in asymptomatic individuals with zero coronary calcium: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Atherosclerosis. 2017; 257: 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.12.012.Kavousi M, Desai CS, Ayers C, et al. Prevalence and prognostic implications of coronary artery calcification in low-risk women: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2016; 316(20): 2126–34. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.17020.Kavousi M, Desai CS, Ayers C, et al. Prevalence and prognostic implications of coronary artery calcification in low-risk women: a meta-analysis. JAMA. 2016; 316(20): 2126–34. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.17020.Matsumura ME, Maksimik C, Martinez MW, et al. Breast artery calcium noted on screening mammography is predictive of high risk coronary calcium in asymptomatic women: a case control study. Vasa. 2013; 42(6): 429–33. https://doi.org/10.1024/0301-1526/a000312.Matsumura ME, Maksimik C, Martinez MW, et al. Breast artery calcium noted on screening mammography is predictive of high risk coronary calcium in asymptomatic women: a case control study. Vasa. 2013; 42(6): 429–33. https://doi.org/10.1024/0301-1526/a000312.Dale PS, Mascarhenas C, Richards M, Mackie G. Mammography as a screening tool for coronary artery disease. J Surg Res. 2008; 148(1): 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2007.08.022.Dale PS, Mascarhenas C, Richards M, Mackie G. Mammography as a screening tool for coronary artery disease. J Surg Res. 2008; 148(1): 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2007.08.022.Quispe R, Al-Rifai M, Di Carlo PA, et al. Breast arterial calcium: a game changer in women’s cardiovascular health? JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2019; 12(12): 2538–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmg.2018.07.035.Quispe R, Al-Rifai M, Di Carlo PA, et al. Breast arterial calcium: a game changer in women’s cardiovascular health? JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2019; 12(12): 2538–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmg.2018.07.035.Iribarren C, Sanchez G, Husson G, Levine-Hall T. MultIethNic Study of BrEast ARterial Calcium Gradation and CardioVAscular Disease: cohort recruitment and baseline characteristics. Ann Epidemiol. 2018; 28(1): 41–7.e12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2017.11.007.Iribarren C, Sanchez G, Husson G, Levine-Hall T. MultIethNic Study of BrEast ARterial Calcium Gradation and CardioVAscular Disease: cohort recruitment and baseline characteristics. Ann Epidemiol. 2018; 28(1): 41–7.e12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2017.11.007.Lin T, Liu JC, Chang LY, Shen CW. Association between coronary artery calcification using low-dose MDCT coronary angiography and bone mineral density in middle-aged men and women. Osteoporos Int. 2011; 22(2): 627–34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-010-1303-5.Lin T, Liu JC, Chang LY, Shen CW. Association between coronary artery calcification using low-dose MDCT coronary angiography and bone mineral density in middle-aged men and women. Osteoporos Int. 2011; 22(2): 627–34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-010-1303-5.Jain RK, Vokes T. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. J Clin Densitom. 2017; 20(3): 291–303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocd.2017.06.014.Jain RK, Vokes T. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. J Clin Densitom. 2017; 20(3): 291–303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocd.2017.06.014.Hendriks EJ, Beulens JW, de Jong PA, van der Schouw YT, et al. Calcification of the splenic, iliac, and breast arteries and risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Atherosclerosis. 2017; 259: 120–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2017.01.029.Hendriks EJ, Beulens JW, de Jong PA, van der Schouw YT, et al. Calcification of the splenic, iliac, and breast arteries and risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Atherosclerosis. 2017; 259: 120–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2017.01.029.Loberant N, Salamon V, Carmi N, Chernihovsky A. Prevalence and degree of breast arterial calcifications on mammography: a cross-sectional analysis. J Clin Imaging Sci. 2013; 3: 36. https://doi.org/10.4103/2156-7514.119013.Loberant N, Salamon V, Carmi N, Chernihovsky A. Prevalence and degree of breast arterial calcifications on mammography: a cross-sectional analysis. J Clin Imaging Sci. 2013; 3: 36. https://doi.org/10.4103/2156-7514.119013.Soylu Aİ, Soylu K, Aydin R, et al. Calcification of breast artery as detected by mammography: association with coronarand aortic calcification. Turk J Med Sci. 2019; 49(1): 190–7. https://doi.org/10.3906/sag-1807-275.Soylu Aİ, Soylu K, Aydin R, et al. Calcification of breast artery as detected by mammography: association with coronarand aortic calcification. Turk J Med Sci. 2019; 49(1): 190–7. https://doi.org/10.3906/sag-1807-275.Yalçin Şafak K, Eratalay A, Dülger İlış E, et al. The relationship of breast arterial calcification detected in mammographic examinations with cardiovascular diseases, cardiovascular risk factors, parity, and breastfeeding. Turk J Med Sci. 2016; 46(3): 641–5. https://doi.org/10.3906/sag-1502-126.Yalçin Şafak K, Eratalay A, Dülger İlış E, et al. The relationship of breast arterial calcification detected in mammographic examinations with cardiovascular diseases, cardiovascular risk factors, parity, and breastfeeding. Turk J Med Sci. 2016; 46(3): 641–5. https://doi.org/10.3906/sag-1502-126.Baigent C, Blackwell L, Emberson J, et al. Efficacy and safety of more intensive lowering of LDL cholesterol: a meta-analysis of data from 170 000 participants in 26 randomised trials. Lancet. 2010; 376(9753): 1670–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61350-5.Baigent C, Blackwell L, Emberson J, et al. Efficacy and safety of more intensive lowering of LDL cholesterol: a meta-analysis of data from 170 000 participants in 26 randomised trials. Lancet. 2010; 376(9753): 1670–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61350-5.Margolies LR, Yip R, Hwang E, et al. Breast arterial calcification in the mammogram report: the patient perspective. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2019; 212(1): 209–14. https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.18.20171.Margolies LR, Yip R, Hwang E, et al. Breast arterial calcification in the mammogram report: the patient perspective. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2019; 212(1): 209–14. https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.18.20171.Maimone S, McDonough MD, Hines SL. Breast density reporting laws and supplemental screening – a survey of referring providers’ experiences and understanding. Curr Probl Diagn Radiol. 2017; 46(2): 105–9. https://doi.org/10.1067/j.cpradiol.2016.05.001.Maimone S, McDonough MD, Hines SL. Breast density reporting laws and supplemental screening – a survey of referring providers’ experiences and understanding. Curr Probl Diagn Radiol. 2017; 46(2): 105–9. https://doi.org/10.1067/j.cpradiol.2016.05.001.Kelly B, Scanlan E, McNally S, et al. Breast arterial calcification on screening mammography can predict clinically significant coronary artery disease (CAD) in the BreastCheck screening cohort. J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2018; 26(3): 125–34. https://doi.org/10.4250/jcvi.2018.26.e20.Kelly B, Scanlan E, McNally S, et al. Breast arterial calcification on screening mammography can predict clinically significant coronary artery disease (CAD) in the BreastCheck screening cohort. J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2018; 26(3): 125–34. https://doi.org/10.4250/jcvi.2018.26.e20.Polonsky TS, Greenland P. Breast arterial calcification: expanding the reach of cardiovascular prevention. Circulation. 2017; 135(6): 499–501. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.025277.Polonsky TS, Greenland P. Breast arterial calcification: expanding the reach of cardiovascular prevention. Circulation. 2017; 135(6): 499–501. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.025277.Piepoli MF, Hoes AW, Agewall S, et al. 2016 European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: The Sixth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice (constituted by representatives of 10 societies and by invited experts)Developed with the special contribution of the European Association for Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation (EACPR). Eur Heart J. 2016; 37(29): 2315–81. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehw106.Piepoli MF, Hoes AW, Agewall S, et al. 2016 European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: The Sixth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice (constituted by representatives of 10 societies and by invited experts)Developed with the special contribution of the European Association for Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation (EACPR). Eur Heart J. 2016; 37(29): 2315–81. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehw106.Duhn V, D’Orsi ET, Johnson S, et al. Breast arterial calcification: a marker of medial vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011; 6(2): 377–82. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.07190810.Duhn V, D’Orsi ET, Johnson S, et al. Breast arterial calcification: a marker of medial vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011; 6(2): 377–82. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.07190810.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.